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printed in France

Толкование Перевод

1 print

print [prɪnt]

1 noun

(a) (of publications)

∎ to appear in print (book) être publié ou imprimé;

∎ he appeared in print for the first time in 2001 son premier ouvrage/roman a été publié en 2001;

∎ to see oneself/one's name in print voir ses écrits imprimés/son nom imprimé;

∎ her work will soon be in print son œuvre sera bientôt publiée;

∎ to be in/out of print (book) être disponible/épuisé;

∎ his unguarded comments got into print ses propos irréfléchis ont été publiés ou imprimés;

∎ he refused to believe the story until he saw it in print il a refusé de croire à l'histoire tant qu'il ne l'a pas vue publiée;

∎ the newspapers had already gone to print before the news broke les journaux étaient déjà sous presse lorsque la nouvelle est tombée

(b) (UNCOUNT) (characters) caractères mpl; (text) texte m (imprimé);

∎ in large print en gros caractères;

∎ in bold print en caractères gras;

∎ I had to read through twenty pages of print j'ai dû lire vingt pages imprimées;

∎ the print was so small I could barely read it il était imprimé en caractères si petits que j'avais du mal à le lire;

∎ always read the small print (of contract, guarantee etc) il faut toujours lire ce qu'il y a d'écrit en petits caractères

(c) Photography épreuve f, tirage m;

∎ to make a print from a negative tirer une épreuve d'un négatif

(d) Art (engraving) gravure f, estampe f; (reproduction) poster m

(e) Textiles (fabric) imprimé m; (dress) robe f imprimée;

∎ a floral print un imprimé à fleurs

(f) (mark → from tyre, foot) empreinte f; (fingerprint) empreinte f digitale;

∎ thumb print empreinte f du pouce;

∎ the thief left his prints all over the door handle le voleur a laissé ses empreintes partout sur la poignée de la porte

2 adjective

(dress) en tissu imprimé

3 transitive verb

(a) (book, newspaper, money) imprimer; (copies) tirer; (publish → story, article) publier;

∎ the novel is being printed le roman est sous presse ou en cours d'impression;

∎ 1,000 copies of the book have already been printed on a déjà tiré le livre à 1000 exemplaires;

∎ the papers refused to print the story les journaux ont refusé de publier cette histoire;

∎ printed in France imprimé en France

(b) Computing imprimer;

∎ to print sth to disk imprimer qch sur disque

(c) (write) écrire en caractères d'imprimerie;

∎ print your name clearly écrivez votre nom lisiblement

(d) Photography tirer

(e) Textiles imprimer

(f) (mark) imprimer; figurative (in memory) graver, imprimer;

∎ the mark of a man's foot was printed in the wet sand la trace d'un pied d'homme était imprimée dans le sable humide;

∎ the incident remained printed in their memory l'incident est resté gravé dans leur mémoire

4 intransitive verb

(a) (book, text) imprimer; Computing (document) s'imprimer; (printer) imprimer;

∎ the book is now printing le livre est à l'impression ou est actuellement sous presse;

∎ the drawing should print well le dessin devrait bien ressortir à l'impression

(b) (in handwriting) écrire en caractères d'imprimerie

(c) Photography (negative)

∎ to print well sortir bien au tirage

►► Marketing print ad, print advertisement publicité f presse;

Marketing print advertising publicité f presse;

Computing print buffer mémoire f tampon d'imprimante;

Computing print cartridge cartouche f;

Computing print drum tambour m d'impression;

Computing print file fichier m d'impression;

Computing print format format m d'impression;

Computing print head tête f d'impression;

Computing print job (file) fichier m à imprimer;

Computing print list liste f de fichiers à imprimer;

print media la presse écrite et l'édition;

Computing print menu menu m d'impression;

Computing print option option f d'impression;

Computing print preview prévisualisation f, aperçu m avant impression;

Computing print quality qualité f d'impression;

Computing print queue liste f de fichiers à imprimer;

Computing print queuing mise f en attente à l'impression;

Typography print room cabinet m d'estampes;

print run tirage m;

∎ a print run of 5,000 un tirage à 5000 exemplaires;

Computing print screen copie f d'écran;

Computing print screen key touche f d'impression d'écran;

∎ to do a print screen imprimer un écran;

print shop imprimerie f;

Computing print speed vitesse f d'impression;

print union syndicat m des typographes

➲ print off separable transitive verb

(a) Typography imprimer; (copies) tirer

(b) Computing imprimer

(c) Photography tirer

➲ print out separable transitive verb

Computing imprimer

➲ print up separable transitive verb

Typography imprimer

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > print
2 Jouy

JOUY
A French style of printing in small floral designs named after the French printer who first introduced the style. Jouy prints are now generally silk cloths manufactured and printed in France.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Jouy
3 INTRODUCTION

   For a small country perched on the edge of western Europe but with an early history that began more than 2,000 years ago, there is a vast bibliography extant in many languages. Since general reference works with bibliography on Portugal are few, both principal and minor works are included. In the first edition, works in English, and a variety of Portuguese language works that are counted as significant if not always classic, were included. In the second and third editions, more works in Portuguese are added.

   It is appropriate that most of the works cited in some sections of the bibliograpy are in English, but this pattern should be put in historical perspective. Since the late 1950s, the larger proportion of foreign-language works on Portugal and the Portuguese have been in English. But this was not the case before World War II. As a whole, there were more studies in French, with a smaller number in German, Italian, and Spanish, than in English. Most of the materials published today on all aspects of this topic continue to be in Portuguese, but English-language works have come to outnumber the other non-Portuguese language studies. In addition to books useful to a variety of students, a selection of classic works of use to the visitor, tourist, and foreign resident of Portugal, as well as to those interested in Portuguese communities overseas, have been included.

   Readers will note that publishers' names are omitted from some Portuguese citations as well as from a number of French works. There are several reasons for this. First, in many of the older sources, publishers no longer exist and are difficult to trace. Second, the names of the publishers have been changed in some cases and are also difficult to trace. Third, in many older books and periodicals, printers' names but not publishers were cited, and identifying the publishers is virtually impossible.

   Some recommended classic titles for beginners are in historical studies: José Hermano Saraiva, Portugal: A Companion History (1997); A. H. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal (1976 ed.), general country studies in two different historical eras: Sarah Bradford, Portugal (1973) and Marion Kaplan, The Portuguese: The Land and Its People (2002 and later editions); political histories, Antônio de Figueiredo, Portugal: Fifty Years of Dictatorship (1975) and Douglas L. Wheeler, Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926) (1978; 1998). On Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974 and contemporary history and politics: Kenneth Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy (1995); Phil Mailer, The Impossible Revolution (1977); Richard A. H. Robinson, Contemporary Portugal: A History (1979); Lawrence S. Graham and Douglas L. Wheeler (eds.), In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences (1983); Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler (eds.), Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and its Antecedents (1979). On contemporary Portuguese society, see Antonio Costa Pinto (ed.), Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, Culture (2003).

   Enduring works on the history of Portugal's overseas empire include: C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (1969 and later editions); and Bailey W. Diffie and George Winius, The Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580 (1977); on Portugal and the Age of Discoveries: Charles Ley (ed.), Portuguese Voyages 1498-1663 (2003). For a new portrait of the country's most celebrated figure of the Age of Discoveries, see Peter Russell, Prince Henry 'The Navigator': A Life (2000). A still useful geographical study about a popular tourist region is Dan Stanislawski's Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve (1963). A fine introduction to a region of rural southern Portugal is José Cutileiro's A Portuguese Rural Society (1971).

   Early travel account classics are Almeida Garrett, Travels in My Homeland (1987) and William Beckford, Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcobaca and Batalha (1969 and later editions). On travel and living in Portugal, see Susan Lowndes Marques and Ann Bridge, The Selective Traveller in Portugal (1968 and later editions); David Wright and Patrick Swift, Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide (1968 and later editions); Sam Ballard and Jane Ballard, Pousadas of Portugal (1986); Richard Hewitt, A Cottage in Portugal (1996);

   Ian Robertson, Portugal: The Blue Guide (1988 and later editions); and Anne de Stoop, Living in Portugal (1995). Fine reads on some colorful, foreign travellers in Portugal are found in Rose Macauley, They Went to Portugal (1946 and later editions) and They Went to Portugal Too (1990). An attractive blend of historical musing and current Portugal is found in Paul Hyland's, Backing Out of the Big World: Voyage to Portugal (1996); Datus Proper's The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal (1992); and Portugal's 1998 Nobel Prize winner in Literature, José Sarmago, writes in Journey through Portugal (2001).

   For aspects of Portuguese literature in translation, see Aubrey F. G. Bell, The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse (1952 edition by B. Vidigal); José Maria Eça de Queirós, The Maias (2007 and earlier editions); and José Sara-mago's Baltasar and Blimunda (1985 and later editions), as well as many other novels by this, Portugal's most celebrated living novelist. See also Landeg White's recent translation of the national 16th century epic of Luis de Camóes, The Lusiads (1997). A classic portrait of the arts in Portugal during the country's imperial age is Robert C. Smith's The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800 (1968).

   For those who plan to conduct research in Portugal, the premier collection of printed books, periodicals, and manuscripts is housed in the country's national library, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, in Lisbon. Other important collections are found in the libraries of the major universities in Coimbra, Lisbon, and Oporto, and in a number of foundations and societies. For the history of the former colonial empire, the best collection of printed materials remains in the library of Lisbon's historic Geography Society, the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Lisbon; and for documents there is the state-run colonial archives, the Arquivo Historico Ultramarino, in Restelo, near Lisbon. Other government records are deposited in official archives, such as those for foreign relations in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, housed in Necessidades Palace, Lisbon.

   For researchers in North America, the best collections of printed materials on Portugal are housed in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; New York Public Library, New York City; Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; and in university libraries including those of Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Brown, Indiana, Illinois, University of California at Los Angeles, University of California - Berkeley, University of California - Santa Barbara, Stanford, Florida State, Duke, University of New Hampshire, Durham, University of Toronto, University of Ottawa, McGill, and University of British Columbia. Records dealing with Portuguese affairs are found in U.S. government archives, including, for instance, those in the National Archives and Record Service (NARS), housed in Washington, D.C.

   BIBLIOGRAPHIES

   ■ Academia Portuguesa de História. Guia Bibliográfica Histórica Portuguesa. Vol. I-?. Lisbon, 1954-.

   ■ Anselmo, Antônio Joaquim. Bibliografia das bibliografias portuguesas. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 1923.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Portuguese Bibliography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.

   ■ Borchardt, Paul. La Bibliographie de l'Angola, 1500-1900. Brussels, 1912. Chilcote, Ronald H., ed. and comp. The Portuguese Revolution of 25 April 1974. Annotated bibliography on the antecedents and aftermath. Coimbra: Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, Universidade de Coimbra, 1987. Cintra, Maria Adelaide Valle. Bibliografia de textos medievais portugueses. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Filolôgicos, 1960.

   ■ Costa, Mário. Bibliografia Geral de Moçambique. Lisbon, 1945. Coutinho, Bernardo Xavier da Costa. Bibliographie franco-portugaise: Essai d'une bibliographie chronologique de livres français sur le Portugal. Oporto: Lopes da Silva, 1939.

   ■ Diffie, Bailey W. "A Bibliography of the Principal Published Guides to Portuguese Archives and Libraries," Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Luso-Brazilian Studies. Nashville, Tenn., 1953. Gallagher, Tom. Dictatorial Portugal, 1926-1974: A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1979.

   ■ Gibson, Mary Jane. Portuguese Africa: A Guide to Official Publications. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1967. Greenlee, William B. "A Descriptive Bibliography of the History of Portugal." Hispanic American Historical Review XX (August 1940): 491-516. Gulbenkian, Fundação Calouste. Boletim Internacional de Bibliografia Luso-Brasileira. Vol. 1-15. Lisbon, 1960-74.

   ■ Instituto Camoes. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade De Coimbra. Repertorio Bibliografico da Historiografia Portuguesa ( 1974-1994). Coimbra:

   ■ Instituto Camoes; Universidade de Coimbra, 1995. Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar. Bibliografia Da Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar Sobre Ciências Humanas E Sociais. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar, 1975. Kettenring, Norman E., comp. A Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations on Portuguese Topics Completed in the United States and Canada, 1861-1983.

   ■ Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1984. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.

   ■ Laidlar, John. Lisbon. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 199. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1997.. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71, rev. ed. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 2000.

   ■ Lomax, William. Revolution in Portugal: 1974-1976. A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1978.

   ■ McCarthy, Joseph M. Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands: A Comprehensive Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1977.

   ■ Moniz, Miguel. Azores. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 221. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1999.

   ■ Nunes, José Lúcio, and José Júlio Gonçalves. Bibliografia Histórico-Militar do Ultramar Portugües. Lisbon, 1956. Pélissier, René. Bibliographies sur l'Afrique Luso-Hispanophone 1800-1890.

   ■ Orgeval, France: 1980. Portuguese Studies. London. 1984-. Annual.

   ■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. No. 1-23 (1976-90). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semiannual.

   ■ Portuguese Studies Review. Vols. 1-9 (1991-2001). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semi-Annual.. Vols. 10- (2002-). Durham, N.H.: Trent University; Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.

   ■ Rocha, Natércia. Bibliografia geral da Literatura Portuguesa para Crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Rogers, Francis Millet, and David T. Haberly. Brazil, Portugal and Other Portuguese-Speaking Lands: A List of Books Primarily in English. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.

   ■ Santos, Manuel dos. Bibliografia geral ou descrição bibliográfica de livros tantos de autores portugueses como brasileiros e muitos outras nacionalidades, impressos desde o século XV até à actualidade, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1914-25.

   ■ Silva, J. Donald. A Bibliography on the Madeira Islands. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1987.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and G. Lavigne. Os portugueses no Canadá: Uma bibliografia ( 1953-1996). Lisbon: Direção-Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas, 1998.

   ■ University of Coimbra, Faculty of Letters. Bibliografia Anual de História de Portugal. Vol. 1. [sources published beginning in 1989- ] Coimbra: Grupo de História; Faculdade de Letras; Universidade de Coimbra, 1992-.

   ■ Unwin, P. T. H., comp. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71. Oxford, U.K.: ABC-Clio Press, 1987.

   ■ Viera, David J., et al., comp. The Portuguese in the United States ( Supplement to the 1976 Leo Pap Bibliography). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1990.

   ■ Welsh, Doris Varner, comp. A Catalogue of the William B. Greenlee Collection of Portuguese History and Literature and the Portuguese Materials in the Newberry Library. Chicago: Newberry Library, 1953.

   ■ Wiarda, Iêda Siqueira, ed. The Handbook of Portuguese Studies. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.

   ■ Wilgus, A. Curtis. Latin America, Spain & Portugal: A Selected & Annotated Bibliographical Guide to Books Published 1954-1974. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977.

   ■ Winius, George. "Bibliographical Essay: A Treasury of Printed Source Materials Pertaining to the XV and XVI Centuries." In George Winius, ed., Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World, 1300-ca. 1600, 373-401. Madison, Wis.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PERIODICALS RELATING TO PORTUGAL

   ■ Africana. Oporto. Semiannual.

   ■ Africa Report. New York. Monthly or bimonthly.

   ■ Africa Today. Denver, Colo. Quarterly.

   ■ Agenda Cultural. Lisbon. Monthly.

   ■ Almanaque do Exército. Lisbon, 1912-40.

   ■ American Historical Review. Washington, D.C. Quarterly.

   ■ Anais da Académia Portuguesa da História. Lisbon.

   ■ Anais das Bibliotecas e Arquivos. Lisbon. Annual.

   ■ Análise do sector público administrativo e empresarial. Lisbon. Quarterly. Análise Social. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Anglo-Portuguese News. Monte Estoril and Lisbon. 1937-2003. Biweekly and weekly.

   ■ Antropológicas. Oporto. 1998-. Semiannual. Anuário Católico de Portugal. Lisbon. Annual.

   ■ Archipélago. Revista do Instituto Universitário dos Açores. Punta Delgado. Semiannual. Architectural Digest. New York. Monthly. Archivum. Paris. Quarterly. Arqueologia. Oporto. Annual.

   ■ Arqueólogo Portugües, O. Lisbon. 1958-. Semiannual Arquivo das Colónias. Lisbon. 1917-33. Arquivo de Beja. Beja. Annual. Arquivo Histórico Portuguez. Lisbon.

   ■ Arquivos da Memória. Lisbon. 1997-. Semiannual.

   ■ Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües [Fundação Gulbenkian, Paris]. Paris. Annual.

   ■ Avante! Lisbon. Portuguese Communist Party. Daily. Biblos. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Boletim da Academia Internacional da Cultura Portuguesa. Lisbon. Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias. Lisbon.

   ■ Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon Quarterly; Bimonthly.

   ■ Boletim da Sociedade Geológica de Portugal. Oporto. Annual.

   ■ Boletim de Estudos Operários. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Boletim do Arquivo Histórico Militar. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira. Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Azores Islands. Semiannual. Boletim Geral do Ultramar. Lisbon. Bracara Augusta. Braga. Brigantia. Lisbon. 1990-. Semiannual.

   ■ British Bulletin of Publications on Latin America... Portugal and Spain. London. 1949-. Semiannual. British Historical Society of Portugal. Annual Report and Review. Lisbon. Brotéria. Lisbon. Quarterly. Bulletin des Etudes Portugaises. Paris. Quarterly.

   ■ Bulletin des Etudes Portugaises et de l'Institut Français au Portugal. Lisbon. Annual.

   ■ Cadernos de Arqueologia. Braga. Semiannual and annual. Monographs.

   ■ Cadernos do Noroeste. Braga, University of Minho. Semiannual.

   ■ Camões Center Quarterly. New York.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.

   ■ Clio. Lisbon. 1996-. Annual.

   ■ Clio-Arqueologia. Lisbon. 1983-. Annual.

   ■ Colóquio/ Artes. Lisbon. Gulbenkian Foundation. Quarterly.

   ■ Colóquio/ Letras. Lisbon. Gulbenkian Foundation. Quarterly.

   ■ Conimbriga. Coimbra.

   ■ Cultura. London. Quarterly.

   ■ Democracia e Liberdade. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Dia, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.

   ■ Diário da Assembleia Nacional e Constituente. Lisbon. 1911.

   ■ Diário da Câmara de Deputados. Lisbon. 1911-26.

   ■ Diário de Lisboa. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.

   ■ Diário de Notícias. Lisbon. Daily newspaper of record.

   ■ Diário do Governo. Lisbon. 1910-74.

   ■ Diário do Senado. Lisbon. 1911-26.

   ■ Documentos. Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril. Coimbra. Quarterly.

   ■ E-Journal of Portuguese History. Providence, R.I. Quarterly.

   ■ Economia. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Economia e Finanças. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Economia e Sociologia. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Economist, The. London. Weekly magazine.

   ■ Estratégia Internacional. Lisbon.

   ■ Estudos Contemporâneos. Lisbon.

   ■ Estudos de economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Estudos históricos e económicos. Oporto. Semiannual.

   ■ Estudos Medievais. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Estudos Orientais. Lisbon, 1990. Semiannual.

   ■ Ethnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Ethnologie Française. Paris. Quarterly.

   ■ Ethnos. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ European History Quarterly. Lancaster, U.K., 1970-. Quarterly.

   ■ Expresso. Lisbon. 1973-. Weekly newspaper.

   ■ Facts and Reports. Amsterdam. Collected press clippings.

   ■ Financial Times. London. Daily; special supplements on Portugal.

   ■ Finisterra. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Flama. Lisbon. Monthly magazine.

   ■ Garcia de Orta. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Gaya. Oporto. Semiannual.

   ■ Geographica: Revista da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Hispania. USA. Quarterly.

   ■ Hispania Antiqua. Madrid. Semiannual.

   ■ Hispanic American Historical Review. Chapel Hill, N.C. Quarterly. História. Lisbon. Monthly.

   ■ Iberian Studies. Nottingham, U.K. Quarterly or Semiannual.

   ■ Indicadores económicos. Lisbon. Bank of Portugal. Monthly. Ingenium. Revista da Ordem dos Engenheiros. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ International Journal of Iberian Studies. London and Glasgow, 1987-. Semiannual.

   ■ Illustração Portugueza. Lisbon. 1911-1930s. Magazine. Instituto, O. Coimbra. Annual.

   ■ Itinerário. Leiden (Netherlands). 1976-. Semiannual. Jornal, O. Lisbon. Weekly newspaper. Jornal de Letras, O. Lisbon. Weekly culture supplement. Jornal do Fundão. Fundão, Beira Alta. Weekly newspaper. Journal of European Economic History. Quarterly.

   ■ Journal of Modern History. Chicago, Ill. Quarterly.

   ■ Journal of Southern European Society & Politics. Athens, Greece. 1995-. Quarterly.

   ■ Journal of the American Portuguese Culture Society. New York. 1966-81. Semiannual or annual. Ler História. Lisbon. Quarterly. Lisboa: Revista Municipal. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Lusíada: Revista trimestral de ciência e cultura. Lisbon. 1989-. Three times a year.

   ■ Lusitania Sacra. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Luso-Americano, O. Newark, N.J. Weekly newspaper.

   ■ Luso-Brazilian Review. Madison, Wisc. 1964-. Semiannual.

   ■ Lusotopie. Paris. 1995-. Annual.

   ■ Nova economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Numismática. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Oceanos. Lisbon. Bimonthly.

   ■ Ocidente. Lisbon. Monthly.

   ■ Olisipo. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Ordem do Exército. Lisbon. 1926-74. Monthly.

   ■ Penélope. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Política Internacional. Lisbon. 1990-. Quarterly.

   ■ Portugal. Annuário Estatístico do Ultramar. Lisbon. 1950-74.

   ■ Portugal em Africa. Lisbon. 1894-1910. Bimonthly.

   ■ Portugal socialista. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Portugália. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Portuguese & Colonial Bulletin. London. 1961-74. Quarterly. Portuguese Studies. London. 1985-. Annual.

   ■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. Durham, N.H. 1976-90. Semiannual.

   ■ Portuguese Studies Review. Durham, N.H. 1991-2001; Trent, Ont. 2002-. Semiannual.

   ■ Portuguese Times. New Bedford, Mass. Weekly newspaper.

   ■ Povo Livre. Lisbon. Monthly.

   ■ Primeiro do Janeiro. Oporto. Daily newspaper.

   ■ Quaderni Portoghesi. Rome. 1974-. Semiannual.

   ■ Race. A Journal of Race and Group Relations. London. Quarterly.

   ■ Recherches en Anthropologie au Portugal. Paris. 1995-. Annual.

   ■ República, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.

   ■ Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais. Coimbra. Quarterly.

   ■ Revista da Biblioteca Nacional. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Lisbon. Quarterly. Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista da Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Quarterly. Revista de Ciência Política. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Ciências Agrárias. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Economia. Lisbon. 1953-. Three times a year. Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses. Lisbon. Annual. Revista de Estudos Históricos. Rio de Janeiro. Semiannual. Revista de Guimarães. Guimarães. Semiannual. Revista de História. São Paulo, Brazil. Semiannual. Revista de História Económica e Social. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista de Infanteria. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Revista Lusitana. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Revista Militar. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Revista Portuguesa de História. Coimbra. Quarterly.

   ■ Revue Geographique des Pyrenees et du Sud-Ouest. Paris. Semiannual.

   ■ Sábado. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.

   ■ Seara Nova. Lisbon. 1921-. Bimonthly.

   ■ Século, O. Lisbon. Daily Newspaper.

   ■ Selecções do Readers Digest. Lisbon. Monthly.

   ■ Semanário económico. Lisbon. Weekly.

   ■ Setúbal arqueologica. Setúbal. Semiannual.

   ■ Sigila. Paris. 1998-. Semiannual.

   ■ Sintria. Sintra. Annual.

   ■ Sociedade e Território. Revista de estudos urbanos e regionais. Oporto. 1986-. Quarterly.

   ■ Studia. Lisbon. Quarterly.

   ■ Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes. New York. Quarterly.

   ■ Studium Generale. Oporto. Quarterly.

   ■ Tempo, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.

   ■ Tempo e o Modo, O. Lisbon. 1968-74. Quarterly.

   ■ Trabalhos da Sociedade Portuguesa de Antropologia. Oporto. Semiannual.

   ■ Trabalhos de Antropologia E Etnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Trabalhos de Arqueologia. Lisbon. Annual.

   ■ Translation. New York. Quarterly.

   ■ Ultramar. Lisbon. 1960-71. Quarterly.

   ■ Veja. São Paulo. Weekly news magazine.

   ■ Veleia. Lisbon. Semiannual.

   ■ Vida Mundial. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.

   ■ West European Politics. London. Quarterly.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > INTRODUCTION
4 matter

1. noun
1) (affair) Angelegenheit, die

matters — die Dinge

money matters — Geldangelegenheiten od. -fragen

raise an important matter — einen wichtigen Punkt ansprechen

that's another or a different matter altogether or quite another matter — das ist etwas ganz anderes

and to make matters worse... — und was die Sache noch schlimmer macht/machte,...

2) (cause, occasion)

a/no matter for or of... — ein/kein Grund od. Anlass zu...

it's a matter of complete indifference to me — es ist mir völlig gleichgültig

3) (topic) Thema, das; Gegenstand, der

matter on the agenda — Punkt der Tagesordnung

4)

a matter of... — (something that amounts to) eine Frage (+ Gen.)...; eine Sache von...

it's a matter of taste/habit — das ist Geschmack- / Gewohnheitssache

[only] a matter of time — [nur noch] eine Frage der Zeit

it's just a matter of working harder — man muss sich ganz einfach [bei der Arbeit] mehr anstrengen

in a matter of minutes — in wenigen Minuten

Do you know him? - Yes, as a matter of fact, I do — Kennst du ihn? - Ja, ich kenne ihn tatsächlich

5)

what's the matter? — was ist [los]?

is something the matter? — stimmt irgendetwas nicht?; ist [irgend]was (ugs.) ?

6)

for that matter — eigentlich

7)

no matter! — [das] macht nichts!

no matter how/who/what/why — etc. ganz gleich od. egal (ugs.), wie/wer/was/warum usw.

8) (material, as opposed to mind, spirit, etc.) Materie, die

[in]organic/solid/vegetable matter — [an]organische/feste/pflanzliche Stoffe
2. intransitive verb
etwas ausmachen

what does it matter? — was macht das schon?; was macht's? (ugs.)

what matters is that... — worum es geht, ist...

not matter a damn — vollkommen egal sein

doesn't matter — [das] macht nichts (ugs.)

it doesn't matter how/when — etc. es ist einerlei, wie/wann usw.

does it matter to you if...? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn...?

the things which matter in life — [das,] worauf es im Leben ankommt

* * *
['mætə] 1. noun
1) (solids, liquids and/or gases in any form, from which everything physical is made: The entire universe is made up of different kinds of matter.) die Materie

2) (a subject or topic (of discussion etc): a private matter; money matters.) die Angelegenheit

3) (pus: The wound was infected and full of matter.) der Eiter
2. verb
(to be important: That car matters a great deal to him; It doesn't matter.) bedeuten

- academic.ru/45646/matter-of-fact">matter-of-fact
- be the matter
- a matter of course
- a matter of opinion
- no matter
- no matter who
- what
- where
* * *

mat·ter

[ˈmætəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]

I. n

1. no pl (material) Materie f; SCI [Grund-]Stoff m, Substanz f

organic \matter organische Stoffe pl

printed \matter Gedrucktes nt, Drucksache[n] f[pl]

reading \matter Lesestoff m

vegetable \matter pflanzliche Stoffe pl

waste \matter MED Schlacken pl

\matter in suspension Schwebstoffe pl

\matter constant TECH Materialkonstante f

2. (affair) Angelegenheit f, Sache f

that's a different \matter das ist eine andere Sache

it's a \matter of complete indifference to me das ist mir völlig egal

this is a \matter for the police das sollte man der Polizei übergeben

the \matter in [or AM at] hand die Angelegenheit [o Sache], um die es geht

to get to the heart of the \matter zum Kern der Sache vordringen

the truth [or fact] of the \matter is... in Wirklichkeit...

a \matter of urgency etwas Dringendes

to be no easy \matter doing sth nicht einfach sein, etw zu tun

family \matters Familienangelegenheiten pl

financial \matters pl Geldangelegenheiten pl, Geldsachen pl

money \matters pl Geldangelegenheiten pl

a personal \matter eine persönliche Angelegenheit [o Sache]

in the \matter of... was... angeht

the British are given pre-eminence in the \matter of tea was Tee angeht, da haben die Briten die Nase vorn

3. no pl (question) Frage f

it's simply a \matter of following the recipe/learning the rules man muss einfach nur das Rezept befolgen/die Regeln erlernen

as a \matter of course selbstverständlich

a \matter of fact eine Tatsache

as a \matter of fact (by the way) übrigens, im Übrigen; (expressing agreement or disagreement) in der Tat

have you got his address? — as a \matter of fact, I have hast du seine Adresse? — ja, die hab ich tatsächlich

I suppose you're leaving soon? — no, as a \matter of fact, I'll be staying for another two weeks ich nehme an, Sie reisen bald ab? — keineswegs, in der Tat habe ich vor, noch zwei Wochen zu bleiben

a \matter of form eine Formsache

as a \matter of interest aus Interesse, interessehalber

just as a \matter of interest, how much did you pay for it? ich frage nur aus Interesse, aber wie viel hast du dafür bezahlt?

it's a \matter of life and [or or] death es geht um Leben und Tod

that's a \matter of opinion das ist Ansichtssache

a \matter of principle eine Frage des Prinzips

a \matter of record eine Tatsache

it's a \matter of record that... es ist allgemein bekannt, dass...

a \matter of taste eine Geschmacksfrage

a \matter of time eine Frage der Zeit

4. no pl (topic) Thema nt

the subject \matter of the book das Thema des Buches

it's no laughing \matter das ist nicht zum Lachen

that's another \matter das ist etwas anderes

that's another \matter altogether [or quite another \matter] das ist [wieder] etwas völlig [o ganz] anderes

to let the \matter drop etwas auf sich beruhen lassen; (in a conversation) das Thema fallenlassen

5. (problem)

is anything the \matter? stimmt etwas nicht?

there's nothing the \matter es ist alles in Ordnung

what's the \matter with you? was ist los mit dir?

what's the \matter with asking for a pay rise? was ist so schlimm daran, um eine Gehaltserhöhung zu bitten?

no \matter das macht nichts, [das ist] kein Problem

no \matter, I'll go myself kein Problem, ich gehe selbst

no \matter what was auch [immer] passiert

we've got to get to the airport on time, no \matter what wir müssen pünktlich zum Flughafen kommen, egal wie

no \matter what/when/who... ganz gleich [o egal], was/wann/wer...

no \matter what you say, I won't leave him was du auch sagst, ich werde ihn nicht verlassen

to pretend that nothing is the \matter so tun, als ob nichts wäre

6.

▪ \matters pl (state of affairs) die Situation [o Lage]

that's how \matters stand at the moment so sieht es im Moment aus

\matters came to a head with her resignation mit ihrem Rücktritt spitzte sich die Lage dann noch zu

to help \matters/make \matters worse die Lage verbessern/verschlimmern

to make \matters worse, it then started to rain heavily zu allem Überfluss fing es auch noch an, in Strömen zu regnen

to take \matters into one's own hands die Dinge selbst in die Hand nehmen

7. no pl (amount)

in a \matter of seconds he was by her side es dauerte nur Sekunden bis er bei ihr war

it was all over in a \matter of minutes nach wenigen Minuten war alles vorbei

it's only a \matter of a few dollars es geht nur um ein paar Dollars

and then there's the little \matter of the 80 euros you owe me und dann ist da noch die Kleinigkeit von 80 Euro, die du mir schuldest

8. LAW

\matter of fact Tatfrage f

\matter of law Rechtsfrage f

9. TYPO Satzspiegel m fachspr

10.

▶ not to mince \matter kein Blatt vor den Mund nehmen

▶ for that \matter eigentlich

I don't like him, nor does Ann, for that \matter ich mag ihn nicht, und Ann mag ihn im Grunde auch nicht

▶ what \matter? ( dated) was macht das schon?

II. vi

1. (be of importance) von Bedeutung sein

to him, animals \matter more than human beings ihm sind Tiere wichtiger als Menschen

what \matters now is that... worauf es jetzt ankommt, ist, dass...

that's the only thing that \matters das ist das Einzige, was zählt

it really \matters to me das bedeutet mir wirklich etwas, das ist wirklich wichtig für mich

▪ it \matters that... es macht etwas aus, dass...

▪ it doesn't \matter das ist nicht wichtig

I've spilt something on the carpet — it doesn't \matter ich habe etwas auf dem Teppich verschüttet — das macht nichts

would you rather go on Wednesday or Thursday — it doesn't \matter möchten Sie lieber am Mittwoch oder am Donnerstag fahren — das ist mir egal

it doesn't \matter what the guests wear es spielt keine Rolle, wie die Gäste angezogen sind

it didn't \matter anything to them es war ihnen völlig egal

▪ it doesn't \matter if/that... es macht nichts [o fam ist egal], wenn/dass...

it doesn't \matter how long your hair is as long as it's tidy es spielt keine Rolle, wie lang deine Haare sind, solange sie gepflegt sind

people who \matter Leute von Einfluss

2. ( rare) wound eitern

* * *
['mtə(r)]
1. n

1) (= substance, not mind) die Materie

organic/inorganic matter — organische/anorganische Stoffe pl

2) (particular kind) Stoff m

advertising matter — Reklame f, Werbung f

printed matter — Büchersendung f

colouring matter — Farbstoff(e) m(pl)

vegetable matter — pflanzliche Stoffe pl

3) (MED: pus) Eiter m

4) (TYP) (= copy) Manuskript nt; (= type set up) Satz m

5) (= content) Inhalt m

the main matter of his speech was... — (der) Hauptgegenstand seiner Rede war...

6) (= question, affair) Sache f, Angelegenheit f; (= topic) Thema nt, Stoff m

can I talk to you on a matter of great urgency? — kann ich Sie in einer äußerst dringenden Angelegenheit sprechen?

this is a matter I know little about — darüber weiß ich wenig

in the matter of... — was... (+acc) anbelangt, hinsichtlich... (+gen)

in the matter of clothes etc — in puncto Kleidung etc

there's the matter of my expenses —

it's no great matter — das macht nichts, das ist nicht so wichtig

that's quite another matter — das ist etwas (ganz) anderes

that's another matter altogether, that's a very different matter — das ist etwas völlig anderes

it will be no easy matter (to)... — es wird nicht einfach sein, zu...

it's a serious matter — das ist eine ernste Angelegenheit, die Sache ist ernst

the matter is closed — die Sache or der Fall ist erledigt

7) pl Angelegenheiten pl

business matters — geschäftliche Angelegenheiten or Dinge pl, Geschäftliche(s) nt

as matters stand — wie die Dinge liegen

to make matters worse — zu allem Unglück (noch)

8)

for that matter — eigentlich

I haven't seen him for weeks, nor for that matter has anybody else —

he wants to complain about it and for that matter, so do I — er will sich darüber beschweren und ich eigentlich auch

9)

a matter of — eine Frage (+gen), eine Sache von

it's a matter of form/time — das ist eine Formsache/Zeitfrage or Frage der Zeit

it's a matter of taste/opinion — das ist Geschmacks-/Ansichtssache

it's a matter of adjusting this part exactly — es geht darum, dieses Teil genau einzustellen

it will be a matter of a few weeks — es wird ein paar Wochen dauern

it's a matter of 10 miles from... —

it's a matter of a couple of hours — das ist eine Sache von ein paar Stunden

if it's just a matter of another 10 minutes, then I'll wait — wenn es sich nur noch um 10 Minuten handelt, dann warte ich solange

in a matter of minutes — innerhalb von Minuten

it's a matter of great concern to us — die Sache ist für uns von großer Bedeutung

it's not just a matter of increasing the money supply — es ist nicht damit getan, die Geldzufuhr zu erhöhen

it's just a matter of trying harder — man muss sich ganz einfach etwas mehr anstrengen

as a matter of course — selbstverständlich

it's a matter of course with us — für uns ist das eine Selbstverständlichkeit

you should always take your passport with you as a matter of course — es sollte für Sie eine Selbstverständlichkeit sein, stets Ihren Pass bei sich zu haben

earthquakes happen as a matter of course in that part of the world — Erdbeben sind in der Gegend an der Tagesordnung

10)

no matter! — macht nichts

I've decided to leave tomorrow, no matter what — ich gehe morgen, egal was passiert

no matter how/what/when/where etc... — egal, wie/was/wann/wo etc...

no matter how you do it — wie du es auch machst, egal, wie du es machst

no matter how hot it was — auch or selbst bei der größten Hitze

no matter how hard he tried — so sehr er sich auch anstrengte

11)

sth is the matter with sb/sth — etw ist mit jdm/etw los; (ill) etw fehlt jdm

what's the matter? — was ist (denn) los?, was ist (denn)?

what's the matter with you this morning? – nothing's the matter — was hast du denn heute Morgen? – gar nichts

what's the matter with having a little fun? — was ist denn schon dabei, wenn man ein bisschen Spaß hat?

something's the matter with the lights — mit dem Licht ist irgendetwas nicht in Ordnung

as if nothing was the matter — als ob nichts (los) wäre

2. vi

it doesn't matter — (es or das) macht nichts, ist schon gut

what does it matter? — was macht das schon?

I forgot it, does it matter? – yes, it does matter —

does it matter to you if I go? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn ich gehe?

doesn't it matter to you at all if I leave you? — macht es dir denn gar nichts aus, wenn ich dich verlasse?

why should it matter to me? — warum sollte mir das etwas ausmachen?

why should it matter to me if people are starving? — was geht es mich an, wenn Menschen verhungern?

it doesn't matter to me what you do — es ist mir (ganz) egal, was du machst

some things matter more than others — es ist aber nicht alles gleich wichtig

the things which matter in life — was im Leben wichtig ist or zählt

poverty matters — Armut geht jeden etwas an

* * *

matter [ˈmætə(r)]

A s

1. Materie f ( auch PHIL, PHYS), Material n, Substanz f, Stoff m:

organic matter organische Substanz;

gaseous matter gasförmiger Körper; → foreign 3

2. a) PHYSIOL Substanz f: → gray matter

b) MED Eiter m

3. Sache f ( auch JUR), Angelegenheit f:

this is a serious matter;

this is an entirely different matter das ist etwas ganz anderes;

the matter in ( oder at) hand die vorliegende Angelegenheit;

a matter of convention eine Frage des Anstandes;

a matter of course eine Selbstverständlichkeit;

as a matter of course selbstverständlich, natürlich;

a matter of discretion eine Ermessensfrage;

a matter of fact

a) eine Tatsache,

b) JUR bes US eine (strittige) Tatfrage;

as a matter of fact tatsächlich, eigentlich, ehrlich gesagt;

a matter of form eine Formsache;

as a matter of form der Form halber;

matter in issue JUR Streitgegenstand m, Streitsache f;

it is a matter of life and death es geht um Leben und Tod;

as a matter of principle grundsätzlich, prinzipiell;

it is a matter of finishing in time es geht darum, rechtzeitig fertig zu werden;

a matter of taste (eine) Geschmackssache;

a matter of time eine Frage der Zeit, eine Zeitfrage;

for that matter eigentlich;

in the matter of

a) hinsichtlich (gen),

b) JUR in Sachen (A. gegen B.); → conscience Bes Redew, fact 1, laughing B 2, opinion 1

4. pl (ohne Artikel) die Sache, die Dinge pl:

make matters worse

a) die Sache schlimmer machen,

b) (Redew) was die Sache noch schlimmer macht;

carry matters too far es zu weit treiben;

as matters stand wie die Dinge liegen, nach Lage der Dinge;

matters were in a mess es war eine verfahrene Geschichte

5. the matter die Schwierigkeit:

what’s the matter? was ist los?, wo fehlts?;

what’s the matter with it (with him)? was ist (los) damit (mit ihm)?;

what’s the matter with having the occasional glass of wine? was ist (schon) dabei, wenn man ab und zu ein Glas Wein trinkt?;

what’s the matter now? was ist denn jetzt schon wieder los?;

there’s nothing the matter nichts ist los;

no matter! es hat nichts zu sagen!, nichts von Bedeutung!;

it’s no matter whether … es spielt keine Rolle, ob …;

no matter what he says was er auch sagt; ganz egal, was er sagt;

no matter who … gleichgültig oder ganz egal, wer …;

it made no matter to him that … es machte ihm nichts aus, dass …

6. (mit verblasster Bedeutung) Sache f:

it’s a matter of £5 es kostet 5 Pfund;

in a matter of weeks in ein paar Wochen;

a matter of three weeks ungefähr drei Wochen;

it is only a matter of minutes till … es kann nur ein paar Minuten dauern, bis …;

it was a matter of 5 minutes es dauerte nur 5 Minuten;

in a matter of minutes in Minutenschnelle;

in a matter of seconds in Sekundenschnelle;

it’s a matter of common knowledge es ist allgemein bekannt

7. Anlass m, Veranlassung f ( beide:

for zu):

a matter for reflection etwas zum Nachdenken

8. (Ggs äußere Form)

a) Stoff m, Thema n, (behandelter) Gegenstand, Inhalt m (eines Buches etc)

b) (innerer) Gehalt, Substanz f:

strong in matter but weak in style inhaltlich stark, aber stilistisch schwach;

matter and manner Gehalt und Gestalt

9. Literaturgeschichte: Sagenstoff m, -kreis m:

matter of France matière de France (um Karl den Großen);

matter of Britain Bretonischer Sagenkreis (um König Arthur)

10. Material n, Stoff m, Unterlagen pl ( alle:

for für, zu):

matter for a biography

11. Logik: Inhalt m (eines Satzes)

12. Postsache f: → print A 3

13. TYPO

a) Manuskript n

b) (Schrift)Satz m: → dead A 23, live² A 13

B v/i

1. von Bedeutung sein (to für), darauf ankommen ( to sb jemandem):

it doesn’t matter es macht nichts (aus), es tut nichts;

it didn’t matter to them es machte ihnen nichts aus;

it hardly matters to me es macht mir nicht viel aus;

it little matters es spielt kaum eine Rolle, es ist ziemlich einerlei

2. MED eitern

* * *
1. noun
1) (affair) Angelegenheit, die

matters — die Dinge

money matters — Geldangelegenheiten od. -fragen

raise an important matter — einen wichtigen Punkt ansprechen

that's another or a different matter altogether or quite another matter — das ist etwas ganz anderes

and to make matters worse... — und was die Sache noch schlimmer macht/machte,...

2) (cause, occasion)

a/no matter for or of... — ein/kein Grund od. Anlass zu...

it's a matter of complete indifference to me — es ist mir völlig gleichgültig

3) (topic) Thema, das; Gegenstand, der

matter on the agenda — Punkt der Tagesordnung

4)

a matter of... — (something that amounts to) eine Frage (+ Gen.)...; eine Sache von...

it's a matter of taste/habit — das ist Geschmack- / Gewohnheitssache

[only] a matter of time — [nur noch] eine Frage der Zeit

it's just a matter of working harder — man muss sich ganz einfach [bei der Arbeit] mehr anstrengen

in a matter of minutes — in wenigen Minuten

Do you know him? - Yes, as a matter of fact, I do — Kennst du ihn? - Ja, ich kenne ihn tatsächlich

5)

what's the matter? — was ist [los]?

is something the matter? — stimmt irgendetwas nicht?; ist [irgend]was (ugs.) ?

6)

for that matter — eigentlich

7)

no matter! — [das] macht nichts!

no matter how/who/what/why — etc. ganz gleich od. egal (ugs.), wie/wer/was/warum usw.

8) (material, as opposed to mind, spirit, etc.) Materie, die

[in]organic/solid/vegetable matter — [an]organische/feste/pflanzliche Stoffe
2. intransitive verb
etwas ausmachen

what does it matter? — was macht das schon?; was macht's? (ugs.)

what matters is that... — worum es geht, ist...

not matter a damn — vollkommen egal sein

doesn't matter — [das] macht nichts (ugs.)

it doesn't matter how/when — etc. es ist einerlei, wie/wann usw.

does it matter to you if...? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn...?

the things which matter in life — [das,] worauf es im Leben ankommt

* * *

n.

Angelegenheit f.

Gegenstand m.

Grund ¨-e m.

Materie -n f.

Sache -n f.

English-german dictionary > matter
5 Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. August 1860 Brittany, France

d. 28 September 1935 Twickenham, England

[br]

Scottish inventor and photographer.

[br]

Dickson was born in France of English and Scottish parents. As a young man of almost 19 years, he wrote in 1879 to Thomas Edison in America, asking for a job. Edison replied that he was not taking on new staff at that time, but Dickson, with his mother and sisters, decided to emigrate anyway. In 1883 he contacted Edison again, and was given a job at the Goerk Street laboratory of the Edison Electric Works in New York. He soon assumed a position of responsibility as Superintendent, working on the development of electric light and power systems, and also carried out most of the photography Edison required. In 1888 he moved to the Edison West Orange laboratory, becoming Head of the ore-milling department. When Edison, inspired by Muybridge's sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, decided to develop a motion picture apparatus, he gave the task to Dickson, whose considerable skills in mechanics, photography and electrical work made him the obvious choice. The first experiments, in 1888, were on a cylinder machine like the phonograph, in which the sequence pictures were to be taken in a spiral. This soon proved to be impractical, and work was delayed for a time while Dickson developed a new ore-milling machine. Little progress with the movie project was made until George Eastman's introduction in July 1889 of celluloid roll film, which was thin, tough, transparent and very flexible. Dickson returned to his experiments in the spring of 1891 and soon had working models of a film camera and viewer, the latter being demonstrated at the West Orange laboratory on 20 May 1891. By the early summer of 1892 the project had advanced sufficiently for commercial exploitation to begin. The Kinetograph camera used perforated 35 mm film (essentially the same as that still in use in the late twentieth century), and the kinetoscope, a peep-show viewer, took fifty feet of film running in an endless loop. Full-scale manufacture of the viewers started in 1893, and they were demonstrated on a number of occasions during that year. On 14 April 1894 the first kinetoscope parlour, with ten viewers, was opened to the public in New York. By the end of that year, the kinetoscope was seen by the public all over America and in Europe. Dickson had created the first commercially successful cinematograph system. Dickson left Edison's employment on 2 April 1895, and for a time worked with Woodville Latham on the development of his Panoptikon projector, a projection version of the kinetoscope. In December 1895 he joined with Herman Casier, Henry N.Marvin and Elias Koopman to form the American Mutoscope Company. Casier had designed the Mutoscope, an animated-picture viewer in which the sequences of pictures were printed on cards fixed radially to a drum and were flipped past the eye as the drum rotated. Dickson designed the Biograph wide-film camera to produce the picture sequences, and also a projector to show the films directly onto a screen. The large-format images gave pictures of high quality for the period; the Biograph went on public show in America in September 1896, and subsequently throughout the world, operating until around 1905. In May 1897 Dickson returned to England and set up as a producer of Biograph films, recording, among other subjects, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Pope Leo XIII in 1898, and scenes of the Boer War in 1899 and 1900. Many of the Biograph subjects were printed as reels for the Mutoscope to produce the "what the butler saw" machines which were a feature of fairgrounds and seaside arcades until modern times. Dickson's contact with the Biograph Company, and with it his involvement in cinematography, ceased in 1911.

[br]

Further Reading

Gordon Hendricks, 1961, The Edison Motion Picture Myth.

—1966, The Kinetoscope.

—1964, The Beginnings of the Biograph.

BC

Biographical history of technology > Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie
6 Senefelder, Alois

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

[br]

b. 6 November 1771 Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)

d. 26 February 1834 Munich, Germany

[br]

German inventor of lithography.

[br]

Soon after his birth, Senefelder's family moved to Mannheim, where his father, an actor, had obtained a position in the state theatre. He was educated there, until he gained a scholarship to the university of Ingolstadt. The young Senefelder wanted to follow his father on to the stage, but the latter insisted that he study law. He nevertheless found time to write short pieces for the theatre. One of these, when he was 18 years old, was an encouraging success. When his father died in 1791, he gave up his studies and took to a new life as poet and actor. However, the wandering life of a repertory actor palled after two years and he settled for the more comfortable pursuit of playwriting. He had some of his work printed, which acquainted him with the art of printing, but he fell out with his bookseller. He therefore resolved to carry out his own printing, but he could not afford the equipment of a conventional letterpress printer. He began to explore other ways of printing and so set out on the path that was to lead to an entirely new method.

He tried writing in reverse on a copper plate with some acid-resisting material and etching the plate, to leave a relief image that could then be inked and printed. He knew that oily substances would resist acid, but it required many experiments to arrive at a composition of wax, soap and charcoal dust dissolved in rainwater. The plates wore down with repeated polishing, so he substituted stone plates. He continued to etch them and managed to make good prints with them, but he went on to make the surprising discovery that etching was unnecessary. If the image to be printed was made with the oily composition and the stone moistened, he found that only the oily image received the ink while the moistened part rejected it. The printing surface was neither raised (as in letterpress printing) nor incised (as in intaglio printing): Senefelder had discovered the third method of printing.

He arrived at a workable process over the years 1796 to 1799, and in 1800 he was granted an English patent. In the same year, lithography (or "writing on stone") was introduced into France and Senefelder himself took it to England, but it was some time before it became widespread; it was taken up by artists especially for high-quality printing of art works. Meanwhile, Senefelder improved his techniques, finding that other materials, even paper, could be used in place of stone. In fact, zinc plates were widely used from the 1820s, but the name "lithography" stuck. Although he won world renown and was honoured by most of the crowned heads of Europe, he never became rich because he dissipated his profits through restless experimenting.

With the later application of the offset principle, initiated by Barclay, lithography has become the most widely used method of printing.

[br]

Bibliography

1911, Alois Senefelder, Inventor of Lithography, trans. J.W.Muller, New York: Fuchs \& Line (Senefelder's autobiography).

Further Reading

W.Weber, 1981, Alois Senefelder, Erfinder der Lithographie, Frankfurt-am-Main: Polygraph Verlag.

M.Tyman, 1970, Lithography 1800–1950, London: Oxford University Press (describes the invention and its development; with biographical details).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Senefelder, Alois
7 Fauvelle, Pierre-Pascal

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

[br]

b. 4 June 1797 Rethel, Ardennes, France

d. 19 December 1867 Perpignan, France

[br]

French inventor of hydraulic boring.

[br]

While attending the drilling of artesian wells in southern France in 1833, Fauvelle noticed that the debris from the borehole was carried out by the ascending water. This observation caused him to conceive the idea that the boring process need not necessarily be interrupted in order to clear the hole with an auger. It took him eleven years to develop his idea and to find financial backing to carry out his project in practice. In 1844, within a period of fifty-four days, he secretly bored an artesian well 219 m (718 ft) deep in Perpignan. One year later he secured his invention with a patent in France, and with another the following year in Spain.

Fauvelle's process involved water being forced by a pressure pump through hollow rods to the bottom of the drill, whence it ascended through the annular space between the rod and the wall of the borehole, thus flushing the mud up to the surface. This method was similar to that of Robert Beart who had secured a patent in Britain but had not put it into practice. Although Fauvelle was not primarily concerned with the rotating action of the drill, his hydraulic boring method and its subsequent developments by his stepson, Alphonse de Basterot, formed an important step towards modern rotary drilling, which began with the work of Anthony F. Lucas near Beaumont, Texas, at the turn of the twentieth century. In the 1870s Albert Fauck, who also contributed important developments to the structure of boring rigs, had combined Fauvelle's hydraulic system with core-boring in the United States.

[br]

Bibliography

1846, "Sur un nouveau système de forage", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, pp. 438–40; also printed in 1847 in Le Technologiste 8, pp. 87–8.

Further Reading

A.Birembeaut, 1968, "Pierre-Pascal Fauvelle", Dictionnaire de biographie française, vol. 13, pp. 808–10; also in L'Indépendant, Perpignan, 5–10 February (biography).

A.de Basterot, 1868, Puits artésiens, sondages de mines, sondages d'études, système

Fauvelle et de Basterot, Brussels (a detailed description of Fauvelle's methods and de Basterot's developments).

See also: Crælius, Per Anton

WK

Biographical history of technology > Fauvelle, Pierre-Pascal
8 Flamme

FLAMME
A fabric made in France from printed woollen yarns. The term is also used for printed yarn.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Flamme
9 Indienne

INDIENNE
(1) A general term for printed cotton fabrics exported from Madras in the 19th century. (2) A fine, but strong plain cotton cloth, woven in small dobby patterns in France. (3) A light-weight all-cotton dress material with alternate coloured woven warp stripes, and also stripes in printed patterns.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Indienne
10 Lagias

LAGIAS
A good quality printed linen, made in India and sold in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries under the name of "Perse." The best grades were called in France " Laglas du Roi." In 1717 a law was passed to prevent its importation, but did not stop its use. About 1840 the cloth was printed with large flowers and had a high glaze. As chintz and cretonne it is still popular under the name of " persienne."

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Lagias
11 Cosnier, Hugues

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Textiles

[br]

b. Angers (?) or Tours (?), France

d. between July 1629 and March 1630

[br]

French engineer.

[br]

Cosnier was probably an Angevin as he had property in Tours although he lived in Paris; his father was valet de chambre to King Henri IV. Although he qualified as an engineer, he was primarily a man of ideas. On 23 December 1603 he obtained a grant to establish silkworm breeding, or sericulture, in Poitou by introducing 100,000 mulberry plants, together with 200 oz (5.7 kg) of mulberry seed. He had 2,000 instruction leaflets on silkworm breeding printed, but his project collapsed when the Poitevins refused to co-operate. Cosnier then distributed the plants and seeds to other parts of France. The same year he approached Henri IV with the proposal to build a canal from the Loire to the Seine, partly via the Loing, from Briare to Montargis. On the king's acceptance of his proposal, Cosnier on 11 March 1604 undertook to complete the canal, which necessitated crossing the ridge between the two rivers, over a three-year period for 505,000 livres. The Canal de Briare, as it became known, with thirty-six locks including the flight of seven at Rogny, was almost complete in 1610; however, the death of Henri IV led to its abandonment. Cosnier offered to complete it at his own expense, but his offer was refused. Instead, his accounts were examined and it was found that he had already exceeded his authorized credits by 35,000 livres. In settlement, after some quibbling, he was awarded the two seigneuries of Trousse near Briare. Cosnier then suggested encircling the Paris suburbs with a canal which would not only be navigable but would also provide a water supply for fountains and drains. His proposal was accepted in 1618, but the works were never started. In the 1620s the marquis d'Effiet proposed the completion of the Canal de Briare and Cosnier was invited to resume work. Before anything more could be done Cosnier died, some time between July 1629 and March 1630, and the work was again abandoned. The canal was ultimately completed by Boutheroue in 1642, but the seven locks at Rogny remain a dramatic monument to Cosnier's ability.

[br]

Further Reading

P.Pinsseau, 1943, Le Canal Henri IV ou Canal de Briare, Paris. G.Fagniez, 1897, L'Economie sociale de la France sous Henri IV, Paris.

JHB

Biographical history of technology > Cosnier, Hugues
12 Gaze

GAZE
The French term for gauze, and there are many fabrics made in France to which this name is given. The most common are as follows: - Gaze a Bluter - Made in cotton or silk and used for sifting purposes. It is a plain gauze. Gaze Brilliantine - A high-class dress leno cloth made from all silk yams. Gaze an Fuseau - See Grille. Gaze Barege - Very light dress goods, silk warp, wool weft, or of all wool, often printed. Gaze Ceres - A fabric for making women's hats, silk warp and split straw weft. Leno weave. Seldom used today. Gaze Cristal - Very light French dress goods, silk warp, having small bright and dull spots alternating on the face. Gaze Damassee - A gauze fabric of silk warp and weft in which the design is produced with two wefts, either different colours or different material. Gaze Faconnee - A French gauze with brocade design woven one ground thread and one figuring thread alternately. Gaze Paconnee Broche - French gauze fabric, plain gauze, on which is hand embroidered various designs. Gaze Faconnee Raye - French gauze with warp stripes. Gaze de Fil - A French-made gauze, flax yarns, with a light starch finish, usually striped. Gaze d'ltalie - A French gauze, made of silk yams. Gaze de Paris - A French light-weight, silk dress fabric, made of organzine warp and trame weft. Gaze de Voilette - A French production made from all-silk yams in fine reeds and closely picked. A pure, very fine and transparent gauze. Gaze Filoche - A French all-silk leno fabric. Gaze Fond Filoche - An all-silk French gauze, organzine warp, grege weft, with bars across the weft formed by groups of picks. Gaze Lisse - A leno cloth, very light weight, made in France from undyed silk yams. Gaze Marabout - A very light, silk French gauze. Also a pile fabric made with very short plush stripes, alternating in three colours, over a thin gauze ground. Gaze Milanaise - A French light-weight dress fabric with equal number of ends and picks per inch. Made of " Milanaise " yarn. Gaze Ondee - A French very light dress cloth or trimming fabric made of organzine warp and weft on " ondee " silk. Gaze Perron - A French leno fabric, all silk, used for bordering on dresses. Gaze Platree - A striped French gauze, made of yellow silk and given a light starch finish. Gaze Tour Anglais - The French term for leno.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Gaze
13 throughout

throughout

A prep

1 ( all over) throughout Europe/France dans toute l'Europe/la France ; throughout the country dans tout le pays ; throughout the world dans le monde entier ; scattered throughout the house éparpillés partout dans la maison ;

2 ( for the duration of) tout au long de ; throughout the interview tout au long de l'entretien ; throughout her career tout au long de sa carrière ; throughout his life toute sa vie ; throughout the year tout au long de l'année ; throughout the winter/April pendant tout l'hiver/le mois d'avril ; throughout history à travers l'histoire.

B adv printed in italics throughout entièrement imprimé en italique(s) ; lined/repainted throughout entièrement doublé/repeint ; the offices are carpeted throughout il y a de la moquette dans tous les bureaux.

Big English-French dictionary > throughout
14 Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 2 August 1802 Lille, France

d. 28 April 1872 Lille, France

[br]

French photographer, photographic innovator and entrepreneur.

[br]

After beginning his working life in a tobacco company, Blanquart-Evrard became Laboratory Assistant to a chemist. He also became interested in painting on ivory and porcelain, foreshadowing a life-long interest in science and art. Following his marriage to the daughter of a textile merchant, Blanquart-Evrard became a partner in the family business in Lyon. During the 1840s he became interested in Talbot's calotype process and found that by applying gallic acid alone, as a developing agent after exposure, the exposure time could be shorter and the resulting image clearer. Blanquart-Evrard recognized that his process was well suited to producing positive prints in large numbers. During 1851 and 1852, in association with an artist friend, he became involved in producing quantities of prints for book illustrations. In 1849 he had announced a glass negative process similar to that devised two years earlier by Niepcc de St Victor. The carrying agent for silver salts was albumen, and more far-reaching was his albumen-coated printing-out paper announced in 1850. Albumen printing paper was widely adopted and the vast majority of photographs made in the nineteenth century were printed in this form. In 1870 Blanquart-Evrard began an association with the pioneer colour photographer Ducos du Hauron with a view to opening a three-colour printing establishment. Unfortunately plans were delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, and Blanquart-Evrard died in 1872 before the project could be brought to fruition.

[br]

Bibliography

1851, Traité de photographie sur papier, Paris (provides details of his improvements to Talbot's process).

Further Reading

J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstein, New York.

JW

Biographical history of technology > Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré
15 chief

tʃi:f
1. сущ.
1) правитель;
руководитель. глава, лидер;
начальник;
шеф (часто как обращение в разговорной речи) ;
директор, заведующий the chief of party ≈ лидер партии, руководитель партии chief of police Syn: boss, superior, head, authority, leader, ruler I
2) вождь( рода, племени, клана, небольшого сообщества) Indian chief ≈ индейский вождь
3) мор.;
разг. капитан-лейтенант Syn: lieutenant commander
4) верхняя часть геральдического щита $$$$ in chief а) во главе, на руководящем месте, посту ( часто в названиях титулов, должностей)
2. прил.
1) ведущий, главный, основной, руководящий, старший( о служебном положении, должности;
используется в названиях многих должностных лиц) Chief Justice ≈ председатель суда Chief Rabbi ≈ главный раввин Chief Constable ≈ начальник полиции Chief Engineer ≈ главный инженер Syn: main, principal
2) основной;
базисный, важнейший, главный ( по своему значению, влиянию;
о человеке и предмете) chief intimate ≈ лучший друг chief supporter ≈ основной сторонник chief reasons ≈ главные причины chief problem ≈ основная проблема chief difficulty ≈ основная, главная трудность
3. нареч.;
архаич. главным образом, преимущественно Syn: chiefly, principally, in chief глава, руководитель;
лидер;
начальник, шеф;
заведующий, директор - * of chemical corps( военное) начальник (управления) химических войск - fire * начальник пожарной команды - * of the hill (разговорное) "комендант горы" (лыжный спорт) - * of a library заведующий библиотекой, директор бибилиотеки - * of police начальник полиции, полицмейстер - * of the watch( морское) вахтенный командир - * of the court председатель суда - C. of Chaplains( военное) начальник службы военных священников;
главный капеллан( разговорное) шеф, чиф (в обращении) вождь (племени, клана) ;
властитель, повелитель - Red Indian * вождь индейского племени - robber * атаман разбойников - Hail to the C. "привет вождю" (марш при встрече президента США) (геральдика) верхняя часть щита (историческое) оброк;
денежная феодальная подать > in * главным образом;
(историческое) пожалованный сюзереном (о поместье) главный;
руководящий;
старший - * editor главный редактор - * engineer главный инженер;
старший механик - * librarian заведующий библиотекой, директор библиотеки - * magistracy пост президента США или губернатора штата - * cameraman (кинематографический) главный оператор - C. Command( военное) главное командование - C. of Naval Staff начальник морского штаба (Великобритании) ;
первый морской лорд - * officer( морское) старший начальник службы связи - * surgeon( военное) начальник медицинской службы - * medical officer( военное) старший офицер медицинской службы - * nurse старшая медсестра основной;
важнейший, главный - * problem основная проблема, главный вопрос - * business основное занятие - * opposing force главные силы противника - * good (книжное) величайшее благо - * happiness (книжное) высшее блаженство - the * rivers of France главные реки Франции - the * news is printed on the second page самое важное сообщение напечатано на второй стрнанице - the * thing to remember is this прежде всего нужно запомнить следующее - the * thing to do основное, что нужно сделать - my * concern is... я больше всего озабочен тем, что... > * cook and bottle washer( пренебрежительное) доверенный слуга;
человек на побегушках > * mourner самый близкий родственник или друг умершего (обыкн. овдовевший супруг) chief важнейший ~ вождь (племени, клана) ~ глава, руководитель;
лидер;
начальник;
шеф;
chief of police начальник полиции ~ глава ~ главный, руководящий ~ главный ~ директор ~ заведующий ~ начальник ~ основной;
важнейший;
chief problem основная проблема;
chief wall капитальная стена ~ основной ~ руководитель ~ руководящий ~ старший Chief: Chief: Generalin ~ n(pl Generalsin ~) главнокомандующий ~ of communications руководитель отдела по связям ~ of department начальник отдела ~ глава, руководитель;
лидер;
начальник;
шеф;
chief of police начальник полиции ~ of police начальник полиции ~ of section начальник сектора ~ of staff начальник штаба ~ основной;
важнейший;
chief problem основная проблема;
chief wall капитальная стена ~ основной;
важнейший;
chief problem основная проблема;
chief wall капитальная стена executor in ~ главный судебный исполнитель

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > chief
16 paper

ˈpeɪpə
1. сущ.
1) бумага;
лист бумаги blank paper ≈ чистая, неисписанная бумага to commit to paper ≈ записывать glossy paper ≈ глянцевая бумага scratch paper ≈ бумага для заметок, черновиков и т. п. on paper bond paper - carbon paper - cigarette paper - correspondence paper - filter paper - graph paper - rotogravure paper - ruled paper - section paper - tissue paper - toilet paper - wax paper - wrapping paper - writing paper
2) бумажный пакет
3) газета You can't believe everything you read in the paper. ≈ Нельзя верить всему, что пишут в газетах.
4) научный доклад;
статья;
диссертация to deliver, give, offer, present, read a paper ≈ делать, читать доклад to publish a paper ≈ опубликовать доклад to write a paper ≈ написать доклад I had to do a paper for my history course. ≈ Мне нужно написать работу по курсу истории. The pupils did a paper on the problem of air pollution. ≈ Ученики готовили доклад по проблемам загрязнения воздуха. He just published a paper in the journal Nature analyzing the fires. ≈ Он только что опубликовал статью в журнале "Нейчур" с анализом пожаров. - invited paper
5) а) экзаменационный билет б) письменная работа She finished the exam paper. ≈ Она закончила экзаменационную письменную работу. Syn: composition
6) а) документ a new government paper on European policy ≈ новый правительственный документ, касающийся европейской политики - position paper б) мн. личные или служебные документы After her death, her papers were deposited at the library. ≈ После ее смерти ее бумаги сдали на хранение в библиотеку.
7) коллект. векселя, банкноты, кредитные бумаги;
бумажные деньги
8) мн. папильотки
9) разг. а) контрамарка, пропуск б) разг. контрамарочник
2. прил.
1) а) бумажный (сделанный из бумаги) paper currency ≈ бумажные деньги б) похожий на бумагу, тонкий как бумага Syn: papery;
slight., thin, flimsy, frail, feeble
2) бумажный, канцелярский
3) существующий только на бумаге They expressed deep mistrust of the paper promises. ≈ Они высказали свое глубокое неверие в бумажные обещания. We are looking for people who have experience rather than paper qualification. ≈ Мы ищем людей, у которых был бы реальный опыт, а не бумажки об образовании. Syn: nominal, theoretical, hypothetical
4) газетный
5) впускаемый по контрамаркам a paper audience ≈ контрамарочники
3. гл.
1) завертывать в бумагу
2) оклеивать обоями, бумагой We have papered this room in softest grey. ≈ Мы выбрали для этой комнаты обои самого нежного серого цвета. Paint won't cover the mark on the wall, we shall have to paper over it. ≈ Это пятно на стене не закрасить, придется поклеить обои.
3) разг. заполнять театр контрамарочниками to paper the theater for opening night ≈ заполнить театр контрамарочниками в день премьеры ∙ paper over бумага - brown * оберточная бумага - music * нотная бумага - section * миллиметровка - on * написанный, напечатанный - I'd rather see it on * я бы хотел, чтобы это было изложено в письменной форме - on * теоретический;
фиктивный - an army on * фиктивная армия - to commit to * записывать - to put pen to * приняться за письмо, писать - this plan is only good on * этот план хорош лишь на бумаге лист бумаги - blank * чистый лист бумаги пакет - * of sandwiches пакет с бутербродами - half a * of flour полпакета муки листок( с чем-либо) - a * of needles пакетик иголок - a * of fasteners упаковка кнопок документ - working * рабочий документ - you've already signed this *? вы уже подписали этот документ? личные или служебные документы - clerk of the Papers заведующий канцелярией Суда королевской скамьи - officer's *s документы офицера - ship's *s судовые документы - to send in one's *s подать в отставку( собирательнле) бумажные деньги, бумажные денежные знаки, банкноты, кредитные билеты ( собирательнле) векселя - * is as good as ready money вексель - все равно, что наличные деньги газета, журнал - Sunday * воскресная газета - fashion * модный журнал - it is in the * это напечатано в газете - to make the *s попасть в газеты, вызвать сенсацию, прославиться экзаменационный билет письменная работа - the class * is from four to five письменная работа в классе будет с четырех до пяти - I was busy correcting examination *s я был занят проверкой экзаменационных работ - to set a * предложить тему для сочинения - he did a good mathematics * он хорошо написал письменную работу по математике научный доклад, статья - to read one's * делать доклад - the second * was on the rivers of France второй доклад был о реках Франции обои - to paste * наклеивать обои папильотки - to put one's hair in *s накрутить волосы на папильотки (разговорное) контрамарка;
конрамарочник - how much * there was yesterday we do not know but the hall was full мы не знаем, сколько вчера было контрамарочников, но театр был полон (американизм) (сленг) крапленые карты (американизм) (сленг) доллар( редкое) материал для письма, папирус папье-маше - cases, stands, tea-boards all of * finely varnished and painted коробки, подставки, чайные подносы из папье-маше, искусно разрисованные и покрытые лаком бумажный;
сделанный из бумаги существующий только на бумаге;
фиктивный - * profits доходы, имеющиеся только на бумаге, фиктивные доходы газетный - * war газетная война тонкий как бумага канцелярский (о работе) (театроведение) заполненный контрамарочниками (о зрительном зале) > * ship "картонный кораблик", плохо построенное судно из недоброкачественного материала завертывать в бумагу втыкать иголки, булавки в кусочек бумаги или картона оклеивать обоями - I've had my room *ed again мою комнату заново оклеили обоями снабжать бумагой (разговорное) заполнять театр контрамарочниками (техническое) обрабатывать наждачной бумагой (полиграфия) подклеивать форзац (прежде чем вложить книгу в обложку или переплет) > to * over the cracks замазать противоречия;
создать видимость благополучия asbestos ~ асбестовая бумага background ~ основополагающая статья ballot ~ избирательный бюллетень bank note ~ банкноты bank note ~ ценные бумаги банков bank ~ банкноты bearer ~ бумага на предъявителя bearer ~ документ на предъявителя blank ballot ~ чистый избирательный бюллетень blotting ~ промокательная бумага bond-like ~ ценная бумага, аналогичная облигации carbon copy ~ копировальная бумага carbon ~ копировальная бумага carbonless ~ бумага с безугольным копировальным слоем citizenship ~ документ о натурализации (США) citizenship ~ документ о принятии в гражданство( США) commercial ~ краткосрочный коммерческий вексель commercial ~ оборотные кредитно-денежные документы commercial ~ торговый документ continuous ~ бумага в форме непрерывной ленты copy ~ бумага для оригиналов copy ~ вчт. бумага для распечаток copying ~ вчт. копировальная бумага ~ бумага;
correspondence paper писчая бумага высокого качества;
ruled paper линованная бумага direct ~ коммерческая бумага, продаваемая эмитентом непосредственно инвесторам discount ~ дисконтная ценная бумага discussion ~ документ, представленный на обсуждение domestic government ~ внутренняя государственная ценная бумага draft ~ черновой документ eurocommercial ~ (ECP) еврокоммерческий вексель evening ~ вечерняя газета export ~ экспортная лицензия fan-fold ~ фальцованная бумага first ~s амер. первые документы, подаваемые уроженцем другой страны, ходатайствующим о принятии в гражданство США gilt-edged ~ золотобрезная ценная бумага government ~ государственная ценная бумага identification ~ документ, удостоверяющий личность identity ~ документ, удостоверяющий личность lace ~ бумага с кружевным узором laid ~ бумага верже letterhead ~ печатный фирменный бланк lining ~ полигр. линованная бумага log ~ логарифмическая бумага money market ~ ценная бумага денежного рынка morning ~ утренняя газета no ~ вчт. нет бумаги original order ~ первоначальный приказ packing ~ упаковочная бумага paper банкнота ~ бумага;
correspondence paper писчая бумага высокого качества;
ruled paper линованная бумага ~ бумага ~ бумажные денежные знаки ~ бумажные деньги ~ бумажный;
paper money( или currency) бумажные деньги ~ бумажный ~ бумажный пакет;
a paper of needles пакетик иголок ~ собир. векселя, банкноты, кредитные бумаги;
бумажные деньги ~ газета ~ газета ~ газетный;
paper war (или warfare) газетная война ~ документ;
меморандум;
pl личные или служебные документы;
to send in one's papers подать в отставку ~ документ ~ завертывать в бумагу ~ разг. заполнять театр контрамарочниками ~ канцелярский ~ разг. контрамарочник(и) ~ краткосрочное обязательство ~ кредитный билет ~ лист бумаги ~ меморандум ~ научный доклад;
статья;
диссертация;
working paper рабочий доклад ~ оклеивать обоями, бумагой ~ pl папильотки ~ письменная работа ~ письменная работа ~ разг. пропуск, контрамарка ~ статья ~ существующий только на бумаге ~ тонкий как бумага ~ ценная бумага ~ экзаменационный билет ~ for continuous forms бумага в форме непрерывной ленты ~ бумажный пакет;
a paper of needles пакетик иголок ~ газетный;
paper war (или warfare) газетная война ~ work канцелярская работа ~ work проверка документации, письменных работ pin-feed ~ бумага с ведущими отверстиями plotting ~ клетчатая бумага plotting ~ миллиметровая бумага pot ~ формат писчей бумаги pott: pott = pot paper printed ~ печатный документ prize ~ наградной документ rag ~ тряпичная бумага section ~ бумага в клетку;
rotogravure paper полигр. бумага для глубокой печати ~ бумага;
correspondence paper писчая бумага высокого качества;
ruled paper линованная бумага ruled ~ линованная бумага satin ~ сатинированная бумага section ~ бумага в клетку;
rotogravure paper полигр. бумага для глубокой печати semilog ~ полулогарифмическая бумага ~ документ;
меморандум;
pl личные или служебные документы;
to send in one's papers подать в отставку short-term ~ краткосрочная ценная бумага silver ~ оловянная фольга, станиоль silver ~ тонкая папиросная бумага single-log ~ полулогарифмическая бумага squared ~ клетчатая бумага squared ~ миллиметровая бумага stamped ~ гербовая бумага tar ~ стр. толь trade ~ коммерческие векселя treasury ~ казначейская ценная бумага virgin ~ чистая бумага voting ~ избирательный бюллетень voting: ~ paper избирательный бюллетень white ~ Белая книга (сборник официальных документов) white: white paper "белая книга" (англ. официальное издание) ~ научный доклад;
статья;
диссертация;
working paper рабочий доклад working ~ рабочий документ wrapping ~ оберточная бумага wrapping ~ упаковочная бумага

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > paper
17 chief

1. [tʃi:f] n
1. 1) глава, руководитель; лидер; начальник, шеф; заведующий, директор

chief of chemical corps - воен. начальник (управления) химических войск

fire chief - начальник пожарной команды

chief of the hill - разг. «комендант горы» ( лыжный спорт)

chief of a library - заведующий библиотекой, директор библиотеки

chief of police - начальник полиции, полицмейстер

chief of the watch - мор. вахтенный командир /начальник/

chief of the court - председатель суда

Chief of Chaplains - воен. начальник службы военных священников; главный капеллан

2) разг. шеф, чиф ( в обращении)

2. вождь (племени, клана); властитель, повелитель

Red Indian chief - вождь индейского племени

robber chief - атаман разбойников

Hail to the Chief - «привет вождю» ( марш при встрече президента США)

3. геральд. верхняя часть щита

4. = chief-rent

♢ in chief - а) главным образом; б) ист. пожалованный сюзереном ( о поместье)
2. [tʃi:f] a
1. главный; руководящий; старший

chief editor - главный редактор

chief engineer - а) главный инженер; б) старший механик

chief librarian - заведующий библиотекой, директор библиотеки

chief magistracy - пост президента США или губернатора штата

chief cameraman - кино главный оператор

Chief Command - воен. главное командование

Chief of Naval Staff - начальник морского штаба ( Великобритании); первый морской лорд

chief officer - мор. старший помощник

chief signal officer - воен. начальник службы связи

chief surgeon - воен. начальник медицинской службы

chief medical officer - воен. старший офицер медицинской службы

chief nurse - старшая медсестра

2. основной; важнейший, главный

chief problem - основная проблема, главный вопрос

chief business - основное занятие /дело/

chief opposing force - главные силы противника

chief good - книжн. величайшее благо

chief happiness - книжн. высшее блаженство

the chief rivers of France - главные реки Франции

the chief news is printed on the second page - самое важное сообщение напечатано на второй странице

the chief thing to remember is this - прежде всего нужно запомнить следующее

the chief thing to do - основное, что нужно сделать

my chief concern is... - я больше всего озабочен тем, что...

♢ chief cook and bottle washer - пренебр. доверенный слуга; человек на побегушках

chief mourner - самый близкий родственник или друг умершего (обыкн. овдовевший супруг)

НБАРС > chief
18 ♦ day

♦ day /deɪ/
n.

1 giorno ( di 24 ore): DIALOGO → - Date- What day is it?, che giorno è?; We've spent a few days in France, abbiamo passato qualche giorno in Francia; 24 hours a day, ventiquattr'ore al giorno; the day after tomorrow, dopodomani; domani l'altro; posdomani; the day before yesterday, ieri l'altro; l'altro ieri; every other day, un giorno sì e uno no; ogni due giorni; rest day, giorno di riposo; the time of day, l'ora del giorno; a fateful day, un giorno fatidico; to one's dying day, fino alla morte

2 giorno (= periodo di luce, di attività); giornata: the other day, l'altro giorno; on a winter's day, in un giorno d'inverno; day and night, giorno e notte; notte e giorno; ( anche) in continuazione: She works day and night, lavora notte e giorno (o in continuazione); It was a glorious day, era una splendida giornata; It's almost day, è quasi giorno; I don't know what she does all day, non so cosa faccia tutto il giorno; I've had a bad [long] day, ho avuto una brutta [lunga] giornata; a busy day, una giornata piena; a trying day, una giornata faticosa; Try to get some exercise every day, cerca di fare un po' di esercizio tutti i giorni; Let's do it another day, facciamolo un altro giorno; Come on, we haven't got all day, dài, non abbiamo tutto il giorno (o tutta la giornata); an eight-hour day, una giornata (lavorativa) di otto ore; the working day, la giornata lavorativa; day of rest, giorno di riposo; She works six days on, two days off, lavora sei giorni, poi ha due giorni di riposo; to take a day off, prendere un giorno di ferie; by day, di giorno; during the day, durante il giorno; historic day, giornata storica (o di grande importanza); The days are drawing out, i giorni si stanno allungando

3 festa: Mother's day, la festa della mamma; Independence Day, la Festa dell'indipendenza

4 (spesso al pl.) tempo, tempi; epoca: to the present day (o to this day) fino a oggi; He was the best painter of his day, era il miglior pittore del suo tempo; in my student days, quando ero studente; these days, di questi tempi; DIALOGO → - New clothes- There always seems to be a sale on these days, di questi tempi sembra che ci siano sempre dei saldi; in the days of Queen Anne, al tempo della regina Anna; in the early days of flying, agli inizi dell'aviazione; in olden days, nei tempi antichi; un tempo

5 ( Borsa) giorno di borsa

● all day long, per tutto il giorno □ day after day, un giorno dopo l'altro, giorno dopo giorno □ ( USA) day bed, poltrona a sdraio; divano letto □ (med.) day blindness, emeralopia □ day boarder, semiconvittore □ day boy, allievo esterno ( di un collegio) □ day by day, giorno per giorno □ ( USA) day care, assistenza ai bambini ( di genitori che lavorano) □ day-care centre, centro di assistenza per anziani (o disabili, ecc.) □ (ferr., USA) day coach, carrozza normale ( con sedili non reclinabili) □ (zool.) day-fly ( Ephemera), effimera □ day girl, allieva esterna ( di un collegio) □ (med.) day hospital, day hospital □ day in, day out, giorno dopo giorno; incessantemente □ (econ.) day labour, lavoro (o manodopera) a giornata □ day labourer, lavoratore a giornata; giornaliero □ ( USA) day letter, telegramma diurno ( costa meno e viaggia più lento) □ (bot.) day lily ( Hemerocallis), emerocallide □ day-long, che dura tutto il giorno □ day nursery, asilo nido □ (comm.) days of grace, giorni di grazia (o di respiro); ( per estens.) dilazione □ (relig.) the Day of Judgement, il giorno del giudizio □ the day of reckoning, il giorno della resa dei conti □ day off, giorno di libertà (o di ferie) □ ( Borsa) day order, ordine giornaliero; ordine valido in giornata □ (GB) day out, gita di un giorno: a day out in the country, una gita di un giorno in campagna □ (med.) day patient, paziente ambulatoriale; paziente di day hospital □ (ind., ecc.) day release, permesso giornaliero per studio □ day release course, corso per lavoratori □ for the rest of one's days, per il resto dei giorni di q. □ (ferr., in GB) day return, biglietto di andata e ritorno nella stessa giornata □ day sack, zainetto □ day school, scuola con frequentazione diurna ( spesso privata, di contro a collegio) □ (ind.) day shift, turno di giorno □ (med.) day surgery, intervento chirurgico (o interventi chirurgici) in day hospital □ (ferr.) day ticket = day return ► sopra □ day-to-day, giornaliero, quotidiano; ( anche) normale, di routine; ( anche) su base giornaliera, alla giornata: (org. az.) day-to-day management, gestione quotidiana; gestione ordinaria □ ( Borsa) day trader, day trader ( investitore che compra e vende gli stessi titoli in giornata) □ ( Borsa) day trading, day trading ( compravendita di titoli in giornata) □ (ferr.) day train, treno diurno □ day trip, gita di un giorno; escursione □ day-tripper, gitante, escursionista □ (fam.) to be all in a day's work ( for sb.), essere ordinaria amministrazione (per q.): Saving lives was all in a day's work for him, salvare delle vite era ordinaria amministrazione per lui □ (fam.) any day, in qualunque momento; ( anche, rif. a una preferenza) decisamente, di gran lunga: I prefer beer to wine any day, preferisco di gran lunga la birra al vino; I'd ask her out any day, mi piacerebbe da matti uscire con lei □ any day now, da un giorno all'altro: They're going to announce the date of the election any day now, annunceranno la data delle elezioni da un giorno all'altro □ to be as clear as day, essere chiaro come la luce del giorno □ the big day, il gran giorno ( di un evento) □ by the day, alla giornata: He is paid by the day, è pagato alla giornata □ to call it a day ► to call □ to end one's days, finire i propri giorni; morire □ every other (o every second) day, un giorno sì e un giorno no □ (fam.) from day one, fin dal primo giorno; fin dall'inizio □ from day to day, di giorno in giorno □ (fig.) to live from day to day, vivere alla giornata □ the good old days, i bei tempi andati □ to have had one's day, avere fatto il proprio tempo: Some think the printed book has had its day, alcuni pensano che il libro stampato abbia fatto il suo tempo □ to have one's day ( in the sun), avere il proprio giorno di gloria; avere il proprio momento di successo □ to have seen better days, aver visto giorni migliori □ if he (o she) is a day, (rif. all'età) come minimo: He must be seventy if he's a day, deve avere come minimo settant'anni □ (antiq.) in days gone by, un tempo □ in the old days (o in the days of old, antiq.), nei tempi andati □ in one's day, ai tempi di q.: In my day, children were respectful to their teachers, ai miei tempi, gli alunni erano rispettosi verso i loro insegnanti □ in this day and age, oggigiorno; di questi tempi □ it's not every day that…, non capita tutti i giorni di …: It's not every day that you get to meet a real rock star, non capita tutti i giorni di incontrare una vera rockstar □ (fam.) to make a day of it, approfittare dell'occasione per passare una bella giornata □ (fam.) make my day!, provaci: non aspetto altro! □ (fam.) to make sb. 's day, fare di un giorno una data memorabile per q. □ to name the day, fissare la data del matrimonio □ of the day, di oggi, attuale: the issues of the day, i problemi di oggi; the government of the day, il governo attuale; the dish of the day, il piatto del giorno □ one day, un giorno o l'altro □ one of these days, uno di questi giorni □ one of those days, una giornata in cui tutto va storto; una giornata no □ to pass the time of day with sb., salutare q.; scambiare quattro chiacchiere con q. □ to save money for a rainy day, mettere da parte dei soldi per i tempi difficili □ some day, un giorno o l'altro □ this day week [fortnight, month, year], oggi a otto [a quindici, a un mese, a un anno] □ to the day, esattamente: It is five years ago to the day, è stato esattamente cinque anni fa; fanno cinque anni proprio oggi □ His [her, their, ecc.] days are numbered, ha [hanno, ecc.] i giorni contati □ His [her, your, ecc.] day has come, è venuta la sua [tua, ecc.] ora □ (fam.) It just isn't my day, oggi non è il mio giorno; oggi è una giornata no □ (fam. scherz.) Don't give up the day job!, non mollare il lavoro che hai ( perché con quello nuovo che hai in mente non te la caveresti) □ (fam. iron.) That'll be the day!, sì, figurati!; campa cavallo! □ Those were the days!, quelli sì che erano tempi!; bei tempi, quelli!

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ day
19 chief

1. n глава, руководитель; лидер; начальник, шеф; заведующий, директор

chief of chemical corps — начальник химических войск

fire chief — начальник пожарной команды

chief of the hill — «комендант горы»

chief of a library — заведующий библиотекой, директор библиотеки

chief of police — начальник полиции, полицмейстер

chief of the watch — вахтенный командир

party chief — лидер партии

police chief — шеф полиции

mission chief — глава миссии

union chief — лидер профсоюза

chief clerk — начальник отдела

2. n разг. шеф, чиф

3. n вождь; властитель, повелитель

Red Indian chief — вождь индейского племени

chief of the tribe — вождь племени

4. n геральд. верхняя часть щита

5. a главный; руководящий; старший

chief editor — главный редактор

chief librarian — заведующий библиотекой, директор библиотеки

chief magistracy — пост президента США или губернатора штата

chief cameraman — кино главный оператор

Chief Command — главное командование

Chief of Naval Staff — начальник морского штаба ; первый морской лорд

chief officer — старший помощник

chief signal officer — начальник службы связи

chief surgeon — начальник медицинской службы

declaration in chief — заявление по главному основанию иска

assistant chief programmer — помощник главного программиста

chief petty officers' mess — кают-компания главных старшин

chief national coach — старший тренер национальной сборной

chief operating officer — главный операционный директор

6. a основной; важнейший, главный

chief problem — основная проблема, главный вопрос

chief business — основное занятие

chief opposing force — главные силы противника

chief good — величайшее благо

chief happiness — высшее блаженство

the chief rivers of France — главные реки Франции

the chief news is printed on the second page — самое важное сообщение напечатано на второй странице

the chief thing to remember is this — прежде всего нужно запомнить следующее

the chief thing to do — основное, что нужно сделать

chief accountant — главный бухгалтер

chief architect — главный архитектор

chief designer — главный конструктор

chief prosecutor — главный обвинитель

chief trader — главный торговый агент

Синонимический ряд:

1. first (adj.) arch; capital; cardinal; central; champion; dominant; first; foremost; fundamental; head; key; leading; main; major; number one; outstanding; paramount; predominant; preeminent; pre-eminent; premier; primary; prime; principal; prominent; star; stellar; top

2. head (noun) boss; captain; chieftain; cock; commander; director; dominator; head; headman; hierarch; honcho; leader; lord; master; overseer; ringleader; ruler; supervisor

3. notable (noun) big; big boy; big gun; big shot; big-timer; bigwig; character; dignitary; eminence; great gun; heavyweight; high-muck-a-muck; lion; luminary; muckamuck; mugwump; nabob; nawob; notability; notable; personage; personality; pooh-bah; pot; somebody; VIP

Антонимический ряд:

follower; minor; secondary; trifling; trivial; underling; unimportant

English-Russian base dictionary > chief
20 paper

1. n бумага

brown paper — обёрточная бумага

music paper — нотная бумага

section paper — миллиметровка

an army on paper — фиктивная армия

to commit to paper — записывать

vegetable parchment paper — водо- и жиронепроницаемая бумага

single-log paper — логарифмическая бумага с одинарной сеткой

quantitative filter paper — беззольная фильтровальная бумага

peel-off backing paper — отделяемая предохранительная бумага

paper fff transparency printer — принтер для бумаги и пленки

2. n лист бумаги

blank paper — чистый лист бумаги

paper grippers — захваты для транспортировки бумажных листов

masking paper — бумага для изготовления масок для выкрывания

machine-glazed paper — бумага, глазированная с одной стороны

litmus red test paper — красная лакмусовая реактивная бумага

food packaging paper — бумага для упаковки пищевых продуктов

3. n пакет

paper of sandwiches — пакет с бутербродами

paper packet — бумажный пакет

paper bag — пакет; бумажный мешок

4. n листок

a paper of needles — пакетик иголок

a piece of paper — лист бумаги

examination paper — опросный лист

a paper of interrogatories — опросный лист

clean sheet of paper — чистый лист бумаги

to double up a sheet of paper — сложить лист бумаги

5. n документ

working paper — рабочий документ

material transfer paper — документ на передачу имущества

state paper — официальный или дипломатический документ

nomination paper — документ о выдвижении кандидата

falsified paper — подложный, фальшивый документ

paper inventory — инвентаризация по документам

6. n личные или служебные документы

clerk of the Papers — заведующий канцелярией Суда королевской скамьи

paper transporter — листо- или бумагопроводящий транспортер

boxed paper — бумага, уложенная или упакованная в коробку

box-cover paper — бумага для оклейки коробок или ящиков

cookery parchment paper — бумага для варки или выпечки

envelope paper — обёрточная или конвертная бумага

7. n собир. бумажные деньги, бумажные денежные знаки, банкноты, кредитные билеты

printed paper tape — бумажная лента с отпечатанными данными

paper insertion — ввод бумажного листа в подборочную ячейку

paper shale — листоватый глинистый сланец, бумажный сланец

paper web — лента бумаги, бумажная лента; бумажный рулон

paper tearing-off rod — планка для отрыва бумажной ленты

8. n собир. векселя

paper is as good as ready money — вексель — всё равно что наличные деньги

one-name paper — простой вексель

financial paper — финансовый вексель

mercantile paper — подтоварный вексель

accommodation paper — дружеские векселя

first-class paper — первоклассные векселя

9. n собир. газета, журнал

Sunday paper — воскресная газета

fashion paper — модный журнал

to put an ad n the paper — поместить объявление в газете

the paper has gone to bed — газета подписана в печать

advertising paper — газета с рекламой и объявлениями

trade paper — профессиональная газета

campus paper — университетская газета

10. n собир. экзаменационный билет

leave paper — отпускной билет

11. n собир. письменная работа

the class paper is from four to five — письменная работа в классе будет с четырёх до пяти

I was busy correcting examination papers — я был занят проверкой экзаменационных работ

12. n собир. научный доклад, статья

the second paper was on the rivers of France — второй доклад был о реках Франции

oversize model paper — образец статьи увеличенного размера

the drawbacks of your paper — недостатки вашей статьи

invited paper — заказная статья; заказной доклад

final paper — окончательный вариант статьи

selected paper — избранная статья

13. n собир. обои

to paste paper — наклеивать pl папильотки

paper hangers — обои

paper hangings — обои

paper border — кайма обоев

paper prints — бумажные обои

paper hanger — оклейщик обоев

14. n разг. контрамарка

15. n разг. контрамарочник

how much paper there was yesterday we do not know but the hall was full — мы не знаем, сколько вчера было контрамарочников, но театр был полон

16. n разг. амер. сл. краплёные карты

moisture-proof paper card — влагостойкая карта

17. n разг. амер. сл. доллар

18. n разг. папье-маше

cases, stands, tea-boards all of paper finely varnished and painted — коробки, подставки, чайные подносы из папье-маше, искусно разрисованные и покрытые лаком

19. a бумажный; сделанный из бумаги

no paper — нет бумаги

paper out — нет бумаги

paper edge — край бумаги

laid paper — бумага верже

out of paper — нет бумаги

20. a существующий только на бумаге; фиктивный

paper profits — доходы, имеющиеся только на бумаге, фиктивные доходы

tar paper — толь

pitch paper — толь

asphalt paper — толь

paper grade — сорт бумаги

paper pack — стопа бумаги

21. a газетный

paper war — газетная война

newsprint paper — газетная бумага

paper insert — газетное приложение

news paper press — газетная печатная машина

pencil and paper reporters — газетные корреспонденты

news paper rotary — газетная ротационная печатная машина

22. a тонкий как бумага

whity brown paper — грубая серая бумага

wove paper — бумага с сетчатой фактурой

acid-free paper — антикоррозийная бумага

air-dried paper — бумага воздушной сушки

baling paper — оберточная бумага для кип

23. a канцелярский

paper clip — канцелярская скрепка

24. a театр. заполненный контрамарочниками

25. v завёртывать в бумагу

self-copy paper — самокопирующая бумага

starch test paper — индикаторная бумага

unglazed paper — неглазированная бумага

black pattern paper — трафаретная бумага

burlap-lined paper — армированная бумага

26. v оклеивать обоями

paper wallpaper — бумажные обои

paper wall covering — бумажные обои

flock paper — обои с ворсистым рисунком

27. v снабжать бумагой

mat paper — матовая бумага

paper break — обрыв бумаги

paper size — размер бумаги

paper skip — прогон бумаги

paper slew — прогон бумаги

28. v тех. обрабатывать наждачной бумагой

soft paper — мягкая бумага

wax paper — вощеная бумага

white paper — белая бумага

bag paper — пакетная бумага

dull paper — матовая бумага

29. v полигр. подклеивать форзац

Синонимический ряд:

1. commercial paper (noun) bank note; bill; bill of exchange; commercial paper; draft; money; note

2. document (noun) certificate; document; legal paper; official document; proof; record

3. newspaper (noun) daily; daily journal; journal; newspaper; publication; tabloid

4. report (noun) article; composition; essay; exposition; report; theme; writing

5. hang wallpaper (verb) decorate; hang; hang wallpaper; line; overlay; paste up; plaster; refinish; wallpaper

English-Russian base dictionary > paper

Страницы

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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printed in France

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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printed in France

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